The Portuguese remained the most significant group, with 39.35%, The participation of the Japanese increased, becoming the second most important group, with 12.79%. [17] Fears of a situation comparable to the United States, with the division of the country into free provinces and slave provinces arose. By 1550, the colonists started to bring African slaves. [63][64][65][66] Small southern Brazilian towns, such as Nova Veneza, have as much as 95% of their population of Italian descent. [56] To this day, it remains the only actual published survey about the immigrant origin of Brazilians. The first settlers came from Holstein, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Hannover. Article 113.The period of residence prescribed in Article 112, item III, may be reduced if the naturalizing fill any of the following conditions: (Including same-sex spouse, see also: Same-sex immigration policy in Brazil). Vik Muniz: Surfaces Rena Branstein Gallery, San Francisco, CA Exhibition date are TBA... Vik Muniz: Pictures of Paint and Museum of Ashes. Immigration to Brazil is the movement to Brazil of foreign peoples to reside permanently. Article 112. Before 1871, the number of immigrants rarely exceeded two or three thousand people a year. 0 . The breakdown by country/continent is the following: 16,881 Bolivians, 5,492 Chinese, 4,642 Peruvians, 4,135 Paraguayans, 2,700 Africans (including North Africa), 2,390 Europeans, 1,129 Koreans, 469 Argentines, 274 U.S. citizens, 186 Cubans. Article 12. It should not be confused with the colonisation of the country by the Portuguese, or with the forcible bringing of people from Africa as slaves. [11], From 1824, immigrants from Central Europe started to populate what is nowadays the region of São Leopoldo, in the province of Rio Grande do Sul. – The Huffington Post, https://borgenproject.org/wp-content/uploads/The_Borgen_Project_Logo_small.jpg, The common term for a Brazilian slum is a. Favelas grew as migration increased. In this period they were only 19,000 annually. [29] By mid-2019, over 168,000 Venezuelans were living in Brazil. Il negozio di dischi più amato di tutti i tempi. What follows is a poetic vision that moves between a megalopolis rich in contrast and the atmosphere of a rustic carpenter workshop where the duo reveals the working process of their unique furnitures. Between 1974 and 1980 Brazil also received almost 400 Portuguese settler families fleeing Angola or Mozambique as well as some 1,000 exiles from Portugal proper, many of them serving officers of the Portuguese Military or Police, fleeing post-Carnation Revolution Portugal because of their association with the former regime[21][verification needed], During the 1990s Brazil received small numbers of immigrants from the former republics of Yugoslavia, from Afghanistan and West Africa (mostly Angolans). During this period, immigration was much more intense: large numbers of Europeans, especially Italians, started to be brought to the country to work in the harvest of coffee. Part of this category was composed of immigrants from Poland, Russia and Romania, who immigrated probably by political issues, and part by Syrian and Lebanese peoples. [31], Permanent visas may be granted to individuals intending to establish residence in Brazil. This research interviewed about 90,000 people in six metropolitan regions (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, Belo Horizonte, Salvador, and Recife). [30], The data are from the months of January to April of the same year. Un documentario intimo basato sull’esperienza del duo di design italo-tedesco Andrea Zambelli e Nat Wilms durante il loro programma di Artisti in Residenza di tre mesi a San Paolo, Brasile. Most of them work in the illegal textile industry in the Greater São Paulo. South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, LGBT immigration equality by country or territory, "The Phylogeography of Brazilian Y-Chromosome Lineages", "Índios do Brasil - história, cultura, sociedade indígena, arte, tribos", "[The role of international migration on the evolution of the Brazilian population (1872 to 1972)]", "Revista de Saúde Pública - The role of international migration on the evolution of the Brazilian population (1872 to 1972)", "RS VIRTUAL - O Rio Grande do Sul na Internet", Café atrai imigrante europeu para o Brasil - 22/02/2005 - Resumos | História do Brasil, "Fim da escravido gera medidas de apoio imigrao no Brasil - 16/02/2005 - Resumos - Histria do Brasil", RIOS, Roger Raupp. Immigration increased pressure from the first end of the international slave trade to Brazil, after the expansion of the economy, especially in the period of large coffee plantations in the state of São Paulo. [53] Clevelário believes the most probable number to be close to 18%, higher than Mortara's previous estimate of 1947.:Abstract, p. 71 Consequently, while immigration until 1871 was focused on establishing communities of landowners, during this period, while this older process continued, immigrants were more and more attracted to the coffee plantations of São Paulo, where they became employees or were allowed to cultivate small tracts of land in exchange for their work in the coffee crop. When the number of immigrants is compared to the findings of the July 1998 PME, the results are different: Here the correct order is reestablished, except for the Arabs appearing with a lower descendant/immigrant rate than the Japanese. During these two years, they must not exceed 90 consecutive days spent abroad. Although progress appears underway, the Brazilian government must take more secure action to ensure that conditions within these Brazilian slums improve further. The figures for Germans, Italians, Spaniards, and Japanese from 1820 to August 31, 1972, can be found in Maria Stella Ferreira Levy. [5], After 1530, the Portuguese started to settle in Brazil in significant numbers. Since the 1980s, the Brazilian government has offered amnesty to foreigners in irregular situations[35] in four different campaigns, benefiting tens of thousands of foreigners living in Brazil. Other regions, notedly the Northeast, on the contrary, faced economic retraction, and were, consequently, able to dispense workforce. [7] This should not be taken as meaning that the population of Brazil before independence was mainly Black: the average survival of an African slave in Brazil was of merely seven years after arrival,[8] implying extremely high mortality rates. This entailed the replacement of the international slave trade by an internal or interprovincial slave trade, in which Northeastern slaves were sold in large numbers to the Southeast. Since proper housing was too expensive for many immigrants, they turned to the poor, yet cheap, conditions favelas provided on the outskirts of Brazil’s major cities, such as Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Since then, those who entered the independent nation were immigrants. This had different impacts on the different regions of Brazil. Thus the paulista oligarchy sought to attract new workers from abroad, by passing provincial legislation and pressing the Imperial government to organise immigration.[17][18]. Approximately six percent of Brazil’s population lives in favelas. The rights inherent to Brazilians shall be attributed to Portuguese citizens with permanent residence in Brazil, if there is reciprocity in favour of Brazilians, except in the cases stated in this Constitution. They must also aver their clean criminal record or submit a recent, official document of good conduct from the originating country. Clevelário, thence, supposed four different hypothesis concerning the return rates. Since proper housing was too expensive for many immigrants, they turned to the poor, yet cheap, conditions favelas provided on the outskirts of Brazil’s major cities, such as Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Although Mortara himself considered this hypothesis underestimated, Clevelário thinks it is closest to reality. According to Lowrie, the fact that Brazil already had a long history of racial mixture and that most of the immigrants in São Paulo came from Latin European countries, reduced the cases of racism and mutual intolerance. The White population grew faster than the non-White population due to the subsidized immigration of Europeans in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A similar process has occurred in Santa Catarina, with initially two main destinations for German immigrants (Blumenau, created in 1850, and Joinville in 1851) and then the immigrants or their descendants moved to other areas. Throughout its history, Brazil has always been a recipient of immigrants, but this began to gain importance in the late 19th century and throughout the 20th century when the country received massive immigration from Europe, the Middle East, and Japan, which left lasting marks on demography, culture, language and the economy of Brazil. Access to the film streaming section requires login. However, by 1870 the paulista elite came to realise that the Northeastern slaveholders were in fact being able to obtain financial compensation for their slaves, or, in practice, an abolition with compensation. The Brazilian Censuses do not ask questions about "ethnic origin", so there are no systematically comparable data about the impact of immigration. However, the Brazilian high class was more intolerant, with most of them marrying other members of the elite. In 1897, São Paulo had twice as many Italians as Brazilians in the city. Ancestors of a Brazilian national or of a permanent resident of Brazil; Siblings of a Brazilian citizen or of a permanent resident of Brazil, if orphan, single and under 18 years of age; Minor children, grandchildren or great-grandchildren of a Brazilian citizen or of a permanent resident of Brazil. Until now, 41,816 foreigners received amnesty through the 2009 amnesty program, though there are another 2,000 cases expected to be finished in early 2010. In the case of more than two dependents, the applicant must transfer the amount equivalent to US$1,000 for each additional dependent. Brazil has received one of the largest numbers of immigrants in the Western Hemisphere, along with the United States, Argentina and Canada.[1]. In 1812, settlers from the Azores were brought to Espírito Santo and in 1819, Swiss to Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro. Immigration has been a very important demographic factor in the composition, structure and history of human population in Brazil, with all its attending factors and consequences in culture, economy, education, racial issues. Nevertheless, an Immigrant's Hostel (Hospedaria dos Imigrantes) was built in 1886 in São Paulo, and quick admittance and recording routines for the throngs of immigrants arriving by ship at the seaports of Vitória, Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Paranaguá, Florianópolis and Porto Alegre were established. Table 3, "A participação da imigração na formação da população brasileira", "Fora de foco: diversidade e identidade étnicas no Brasil", O papel da migração internacional na evolução da população brasileira (1872 a 1972), Negotiating national identity: immigrants, minorities, and the struggle for ethnicity in Brazil, Another arabesque: Syrian-Lebanese ethnicity in neoliberal Brazil, Fora de foco: diversidade e identidades étnicas no Brasil, "Imigração italiana por Estados e Regiões do Brasil (in Portuguese)", Espírito Santo, lo stato più veneto del Brasile (in Italian), Consulado italiano vai abrir dois escritórios em Vitória para agilizar pedidos de cidadania (in Portuguese), Sobre a composição étnica da população capixaba (in Portuguese), "AmericanHeritage.com / The Deepest South", "Vila Pavão, Uma Pomerânia no norte do Espírito Santo", "Pomerode institui língua alemã como co-oficial no Município", "Lei municipal oficializa línguas indígenas em São Gabriel da Cachoeira", "Na Babel brasileira, português é 2ª língua - Flávia Martin e Vitor Moreno, enviados especiais a Sâo Gabriel da Cachoeira (AM)],", "Rotary apresenta ações na Câmara. They received land, seed, livestock and other items to develop. The Germans had been settling Rio Grande do Sul since 1824. [43], Thousands of White Americans from the Southern United States (including relatives of former president Jimmy Carter), known as Confederados, fled to Brazil after the American Civil War, where they founded two cities,[67] Americana and Santa Bárbara d'Oeste. The focus shifted to culturally assimilating immigrants and "whitening" the population. The first municipality to adopt a co-official language in Brazil was São Gabriel da Cachoeira, in 2002. They may opt to apply for citizenship after a probation period of residency in order to obtain these rights. The largest refugee ancestries were Angolan (1,688), Colombian (583), Congolese (402), Liberian (259), and Iraqi (197). In these places, it is possible to feel more intensely the impact of the immigration, as many of these towns are still predominantly settled by a single ethnic group. Considering hypothesis 3 (based on Mortara, and considered most realistic), it would be of 22,088,829 people, or 18.56% of the total population. Life expectancy within favelas is approximately. According to the Census of 1872, there were 9,930,478 people in Brazil, of which 3,787,289 (38.14%) Whites, 3,380,172 (34.04%) Pardos, 1.954.452 (19.68%) Blacks, and 386,955 (3.90%) Caboclos. The increase in Bolivian immigrants in Brazil is one of the social consequences of the political crisis affecting that country. [62], Nowadays, it's possible to find millions of descendants of Italians, from the southeastern state of Minas Gerais to the southernmost state of Rio Grande do Sul, with the majority living in the state of São Paulo (15.9 million)[63] and the highest percentage in the southeastern state of Espírito Santo (60–75%). In addition, small businesses are making progress within their communities, most recently in the area of tourism. Later, people from Hunsrück and Rhineland-Palatinate predominated. O aumento da população do Brasil entre 1872 e 1940. In some cases, to marry an immigrant was accepted if the person had achieved fortune or had some prestige. Please sign in or register your account, Cinema Nascosto al Teatro Lirico di Milano, L’Auditorium del Museo Nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci di Milano: una breve storia, Nel segno di Leonardo: quando il museo non è solo un museo, ADI, Associazione per il Disegno Industriale, MIBACT – Ministero dei beni e delle attività culturali e del turismo, Ordine e Fondazione dell'Ordine degli architetti, P.P.C della provincia di Milano. Are conditions for the granting of naturalization: I - civilian capacity, according to Brazilian law; II - to be registered as permanent resident in Brazil; III - continuous residence in the territory for a minimum period of 4 (four) years immediately preceding the application for naturalization; IV - read and write the Portuguese language, considering the conditions of naturalizing; V - exercise of occupation or possession of sufficient assets to maintain itself and the family; VII - no complaint, indictment in Brazil or abroad for a felony that is threatened in minimum sentence of imprisonment, abstractly considered, more than 1 (one) year. The total number of immigrants per year averaged 6,000. in sintesi la terza giornata, gli ospiti e i registi che hanno presentato le pellicole. The participation of the Japanese increased. Brazilian demographers have long discussed the demographical impact of the wave of emigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. 1820–1876: small number of immigrants (about 6,000 per year), predominance of Portuguese (45.73%), with significant numbers of Germans (12.97%); 1877–1903: large number of immigrants (about 71,000 per year), predominance of Italians (58.49%); 1904–1930: large number of immigrants (about 79,000 per year), predominance of the Portuguese (36.97%); 1931–1963: declining number of immigrants (about 33,500 per year), predominance of the Portuguese (38.45%). The states of Santa Catarina[73][74][75] and Rio Grande do Sul have Talian officially approved as a heritage language in these states,[76] and Espírito Santo has the East Pomeranian dialect, along with the German language, such as cultural heritage state. My Account Accedi The typical favela has poor infrastructure, leading to difficulties in electricity and plumbing. Still, between 1820 and 1876, 350,117 immigrants entered Brazil. The Portuguese constituted 38% of entries, followed by Spaniards with 22%. [28], Due to the Venezuelan refugee crisis, in 2017 22,000 new Venezuelan refugees sought shelter in Brazil. Maria Stella Ferreira Levy[2] suggests the following periodisation of the process of immigration to Brazil: When Brazil was settled as a new land in the New World by the Portuguese in 1500, its native population was composed of about 2.4 million Amerindians[3] whose ancestors had been living there for the last 15,000 to 20,000 years. Arabs only started to arrive in considerable numbers about 1890, making them the second most recent immigration, after the Japanese, who started to arrive in 1908. Poor living conditions within favelas often breed crime. Notice that the total is higher than 100% because of multiple answers. From 1931 to 1963, 1,106,404 immigrants entered Brazil. During the 1970s Brazil received about 32,000 Lebanese immigrants escaping the civil war, as well as smaller numbers of Palestinians and Syrians. According to Judicael Clevelário,[51] most studies about the impact of immigration have followed Giorgio Mortara's conclusions in the 1940s and 1950s. They were the most numerous group, mainly factory workers or traders. The process of inflation of the "Arab Brazilian" population is described by John Tofik Karam:[59] Maintaining a privileged presence in business and political circles, Middle Easterners have overestimated themselves as a way to strengthen their place in the Brazilian nation. An invitation by the gallery Firma Casa for an on-site solo show becomes the pretext for an introspective journey into Brazilian reality. In the last quarter of the 19th century, the entry of immigrants in Brazil grew strongly. Other colonies did not have a great development and remained small and agrarian. Permanent Visas apply to:[32]. III - have provided or can provide relevant services to Brazil, in the opinion of the Minister of Justice of Brazil; IV - commend themselves by their professional, scientific or artistic; or. The government began to stimulate the arrival of Europeans to occupy plots of land and become small farmers. With over 600 Shipping agencies all over the world, there is always a CMA CGM agency or office to guide you and a Vessel to carry your goods to their destination. [68], In this century has grown a recent trend of co-official languages in cities populated by immigrants (such as Italian and German) or indigenous in the north, both with support from the Ministry of Tourism, as was recently established in Santa Maria de Jetibá, Pomerode and Vila Pavão,[69] where German also has co-official status.[70]. As a result of the great internal migration of people in Rio Grande do Sul, Germans and second generation descendants started to move to other areas of the Province. Brazil has received the third largest number of immigrants in the Western Hemisphere, after only Argentina, and The United States. In consequence of the Prinetti Decree of 1902, that forbade subsidised emigration to Brazil, Italian immigration had, at this stage, a drastic reduction: their average annual entries from 1887 to 1903 was 58,000. In southern Brazil, the immigrants settled in colônias (colonies), which were rural areas, composed of many small farms, settled by the families. The annual arrival of immigrants fell to 33,500. The São Paulo site alone processed more than 2.5 million immigrants in its almost 100 years of continuous operation. But it seems to fit in with the Lula administration's international policies, including ramped up diplomacy and establishing ties with other nations, but also establishing itself as a competitor with developed countries. However, according to Clevelário, Mortara failed to properly take into account the full endogenous growth of the population of immigrant origin,:52 due to the predominantly rural settlement of the immigrants (rural regions tend to have higher natal rates than cities). [83], The Brazilian population before immigration, Refugees in Brazil in 2018 by nationalities, Brazilian states with linguistic heritages officially approved statewide, Municipalities that have co-official indigenous languages, Municipalities that have co-official allochthonous languages, Municipalities that have co-official Talian language (, Municipalities that have co-official East Pomeranian language, Municipalities that have co-official language Riograndenser Hunsrückisch language, Municipalities in which the teaching of the German language is mandatory, Municipalities in which the teaching of the Italian language is mandatory. The first, that he deems unrealistic high, is that 50% of the immigrants to Brazil returned to their countries of origin. In the South of Brazil, there were three main groups of immigrants: Germans, Italians and Slavs (mainly Poles and Ukrainians). [25] There are an estimated 200,000 Bolivians living in the Greater São Paulo, the majority of which are undocumented immigrants. A retired person, 60 years of age or older, accompanied by up to two dependents, and able to transfer monthly, in accordance with the laws of the country of origin, the amount equivalent to US$2,000. Counting from 1872 (year of the first census) by the year 2000, Brazil received about 6 million immigrants. [6][7] The Portuguese settled in the whole territory, initially remaining near the coast, except in the region of São Paulo, from where the bandeirantes would spread into the hinterland. Sole Paragraph. Un invito della galleria Firma Casa per una mostra in loco diventa il pretesto di … [27], In 2010, Brazil is home to 4,251 refugees from 76 different nationalities. Although children born to slave women inherited the slave condition, the Portuguese always relied on slaves purchased from slave traders to replace and increase the work force; the natural growth of the slave population was always very small. Spaniards started arriving about the same time as the Italians, but came in more steady pace, which means that, in average, they represent a more recent immigration. Particularly from 1932 to 1935 immigrants from Japan constituted 30% of total admissions.[13]. In 1893, 55% of the city's population was composed by immigrants and in 1901 more than 80% of the children were born to a foreign-born parents. Arriving in larger numbers than Germans, in the 1870s, groups of Italians started settling northeast Rio Grande do Sul. In 2016, the Summer Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro drew massive media attention to Brazil. Health risks may stem from overcrowding, pollution and a lack of waste disposal systems. Usually they enter Brazil through Cuiabá, in Mato Grosso, or San Mathias, in Bolivia, which borders Caceres, Mato Grosso and Corumbá, in Mato Grosso do Sul. Formed by a Brazilian and other people from other country: The high group: composed of graduated people, mainly by Brazilians born to Brazilian parents, who were related to the high-class farmers or other people with privileges. [17] By the beginning of the 1870s, the alternative of the interprovincial trade was exhausted, while the demand for workforce in the coffee plantations continued to expand. Immigration has been a very important demographic factor in the formation, structure and history of the population in Brazil, influencing culture, economy, education, racial issues, etc. The latest campaign began in July 2009 by presidential decree, and though it officially ended at the close of 2009, some cases are still pending. There is a significant community of Japanese speakers in São Paulo, Paraná, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará and Amazonas. This, however, is probably due to the concentration of Nikkeis in São Paulo, as opposed to a less concentrated distribution of "Arab Brazilians", who are present in considerable numbers in regions not counted by the PMEs—notably the Northern Region, the West of Paraná State, and Southern Rio Grande do Sul. This page was last edited on 4 November 2020, at 14:29. From 1932 to 1935 immigrants from Japan constituted 30% of total admissions. :57, Clevelário's conclusions are as following: considering hypothesis 1 (unrealistically low), the Population of Immigrant Origin in 1980 would be of 14,730,710 people, or 12.38% of the total population. In 1872, after the arrival of about 350,000 mostly European immigrants and about 1,150,000 Africans forcibly brought to Brazil as slaves, the first Brazilian Census counted 9,930,478 people in Brazil, of which 3,787,289 (38.14%) Whites, 3,380,172 (34.04%) "pardos", 1.954.452 (19.68%) Blacks, and 386,955 (3.90%) "caboclos". From 1914 to 1918, due to World War I, the entry of immigrants of all nationalities decreased. História da discriminação brasileira contra os japoneses sai do limbo, "G1 - Brasil tem 4,3 mil refugiados, diz Ministério da Justiça - notícias em Mundo", "Brasil: migrações internacionais e identidade", Professor says increased Bolivian immigration to Brazil is due to crisis there, "G1 - Especial G1 mostra histórias de refugiados que vivem no Brasil - notícias em Mundo", "Flow of Venezuelans Into Brazil Set to Increase, Police Say", "Refugees and migrants from Venezuela top 4 million: UNHCR and IOM", "Número de estrangeiros que pediram refúgio no Brasil aumenta 161% em 2018; maioria é de venezuelanos", "Brasem Ottawa - Einrichten im kanadischen Stil", "Brazilian Laws - the Federal Constitution - Individual and collective rights and duties", https://archive.org/details/recenseamento1920pop1, http://www.terrabrasileira.net/folclore/regioes/7tipos/etniasl.html, Jeffrey Lesser. The third hypothesis is taken from Mortara, who postulates a rate of 20% for the 19th century, 35% for the first two decades of the 20th century, and 25% for 1920 on. They integrated into the local tribes, using their superior technology to attain privileged positions among them. Recenseamento do Brasil realizado em 1 de Setembro de 1920, Volume 4, Primeira Parte: População do Brasil por Estados, municípios e distritos, segundo o sexo, o estado civil e a nacionalidade - Disponível em: Mortara, Giorgio. The working class: composed of immigrants and their second and third generations descendants. [24] The majority of the Bolivians come from cities such as La Paz, Sucre, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and Cochabamba. In the 100 years from 1872–1972 at least 5.35 million immigrants came to Brazil, of whom 31% were Portuguese, 30% Italian, 13% Spanish, 5% Japanese, 4% German and 16% of other unspecified nationalities.[6]. “The Borgen Project is an incredible nonprofit organization that is addressing poverty and hunger and working towards ending them.” Federal Justice of 10ª Vara da Circunscrição Judiciária de Porto Alegre, November 16, 2001, SUZUKI Jr, Matinas. [26], In 2009, the country was home to 3,982,000 foreign born people, that represents 2.36% of the Brazilian population. Most of the Poles immigrated to Brazil with German, Russian or Austro-Hungarian/Austrian passports, the Ukrainians with Austrian passports and the Hungarians with Romanian passports. V - to be owner in Brazil, real estate, whose value is equal to at least a thousand times the greatest value of reference, or be provided with industrial funds of equal value, or hold quota shares or amount of paid-in least identical in commercial or civil society, aimed principally and permanently, the operation of industrial or agricultural activities. About 75% of the immigrants were Latin Europeans, particularly from three major sources: Italy, Portugal and Spain. Some of these colonies had a great development and gave birth to major Brazilian cities, such as the former German community of Joinville (500,000 inhabitants—the largest city of the state of Santa Catarina) or the former Italian community of Caxias do Sul (405,858 inhabitants). Drug trafficking is common, with most members being young male teenagers, who are four-fifths more likely to die before age 21, Joe Griffin of The Guardian reports. Immigration to Brazil is the movement to Brazil of foreign peoples to reside permanently. Negotiating national identity: immigrants, minorities, and the struggle for ethnicity in Brazil. Varied entities, mainly embassies of foreign countries in Brazil and commercial associations that promote bilateral commerce between Brazil and other countries, make claims about the figures of "descendants of immigrants" in Brazil, but none links to any actual survey. The semi-dependent group: composed of former. Only ten years after receiving a permanent residence permit may be eligible for naturalization to be Brazilian.[37]. The law may not establish any distinction between born and naturalized Brazilians, except in the cases stated in this Constitution.[33]. It was mainly because Southern Brazil had a small population, vulnerable to attacks by Argentina and the Kaingang Indians. [38] Some areas of the city remained almost exclusively settled by Italians until the arrival of waves of migrants from other parts of Brazil, particularly from the Northeast, starting in the late 1920s.

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